Paying less than the listing price for a house might seem like a pipe dream in some markets, but for savvy buyers who know what they're doing, it's a very real possibility. That said, making an offer that's lower than the listing price can also be a dangerous game to play if you don't know the rules.
How low can you really go when making an offer? Of course, the answer to that question is "it depends" - on the market, the listing price, the home in question, the seller's motivation, and how the property you're bidding on measures up to others in the area. There's no hard-and-fast rule about how low an offer can be before a seller accepts it, but there are some generally accepted guidelines for making an offer below the listing price that you should be familiar with before you try it yourself.
Dos
Pay attention to days on market
If a house has only been on the market for a week or two, then a seller is pretty unlikely to seriously consider your lowball offer. A seller will typically only lower the asking price of a house after the property has been listed for at least four weeks, so expecting them to meet your lower offer when the house has been listed for less than ten days is unrealistic at best.
When you're shopping for a home, make sure you're paying attention to how long it's been on the market, measured as days on market. A seller with a house that's been listed for three or four months will likely be a lot more receptive to your under-asking-price offer. In markets where homes are flying off the shelves, an under-asking-price offer might not be at all realistic; you may need to wait for the market to settle down before you try it.
Try to figure out the seller's reason for selling - and enable it
There's almost always an underlying reason why people need to sell and move. Maybe they're downsizing; maybe they found their dream home but need to sell their current home before they can close on it. They have an incentive to move, and if you know what it is, you can tailor your offer to sweeten the deal.
How can you figure out the seller's reason for selling? One of the best ways is to enlist the help of your real estate agent. Ask your agent to call the listing agent and talk to them about the home. You might be surprised by what agents are willing to reveal to each other, and it could really help you with writing a winning offer.
Make sure your offer is clean and strong in other ways
Speaking of writing an offer: When you're offering a seller less than they're asking for a home, the offer needs to be enticing in other ways. (This is one of many reasons why it's advisable to use a real estate agent, even if you're trying to save money - if you've never written a successful offer on a home by yourself, you might not even know where to start.)
You can talk to your agent about ways to sweeten the deal that don't involve the listing price, like giving the seller full control over the closing timeline, agreeing to pay for any necessary repairs that emerge during the inspection, or any number of other tactics. If you know the seller's motivation for moving, you can make sure that the offer includes incentives that speak to it.
Consider concessions (or asks) other than price
Negotiating any deal requires give-and-take on multiple levels, even though people often make the mistake of thinking that it's all about money. It's not! Maybe you can give your seller the option to stay in the home for a period of time so they have room for packing up, or you could let them stay in the home rent-free for a time after closing if you detect that financial stress is one reason for moving.
If the house isn't in pristine condition, then you can probably assume there are issues the inspector might find that need to be addressed before the deal can close, and if you can accommodate those in your budget, it's often smart to offer to pay for any repairs yourself. After all, the seller's motivation will be to get the fixes done cheaply and quickly, whereas yours is to get a top-quality end result, so it might make more sense to offer to take care of it yourself if you can.
Offer earnest money
Earnest money is pretty much exactly what the name implies: It's a deposit of funds that shows you are in earnest about buying the house. This can come out of your down payment, but it's delivered early to the seller as a good-faith gesture that you really do want the property and you're willing to make some sacrifices to get it. Again, the seller's motivation is going to be key: If you know that they're in a financial position that means they need to move out sooner rather than later, earnest money can help them be more comfortable that they can make the move by helping them finance it before the closing happens. Some sellers ask for earnest money upfront, but if they haven't, offering it can be a way to make the deal more appealing even if you're not going to pay full asking price for the home.
Eliminate any contingencies possible
Depending on whether you're getting a mortgage loan and the parameters of that loan, this may not be a realistic possibility, but if it is, then eliminating contingencies can help sellers decide that your lower-than-asking-price offer is still the best they've gotten. Some loans are contingent on things like an appraiser agreeing that the home is worth what you're paying for it, which might not be an issue if you're offering below asking price, but it can still give sellers confidence that the sale won't be held up by a problem like that.
Other contingencies involve the state of the house, which is usually assessed during a home inspection. If the inspector finds that the house is not up to code in some way, or that an important component needs to be repaired before it's in tip-top condition, then telling the seller that you'll still move forward with the deal (or pay for those repairs yourself) can be a good way to get in their good graces and encourage them to agree to your offer.
Be able to explain why your lower offer is still fair
We've all seen homes that were overpriced in our markets, and if you're making an offer on a house that you know is priced higher than it's really worth, you need to be ready to defend your lower offer. This needs to be researched beyond the comps (comparable recently sold listings) in the area. Instead, you need to dig a bit deeper to explain exactly why those comps aren't true apples-to-apples comparisons. Maybe many of the recently sold homes have a spectacular view, which is blocked at the home you're bidding on or most of the comps had remodeled kitchens and bathrooms, while the home you're bidding on hasn't been touched since it was built. If you can explain reasonably why you're offering less than asking price - and do it in a way that's fair and doesn't insult the sellers or their agent's intelligence - you'll have a decent shot at getting your lower offer accepted.
Wait, then try again
It is not unheard-of for a seller to circle back with a buyer whose offer they've already rejected to ask if they're interested in making another offer, so don't discount this tactic, because sometimes it works. Perhaps the seller had other offers fall through, or maybe they expected more offers to come flooding in and then discovered that this expectation wasn't exactly aligned with reality.
Whatever the case, keep an eye on homes where you've already made an offer that's been rejected to see what happens. If they go under contract and sell, oh well - but if they don't, it's quite possible that after 30 or 60 days of no offers, a seller might leap at the chance to take yours if you re-issue it (maybe with a few tweaks that make it an even better deal for you) after waiting them out.
Understand current market conditions
There are some circumstances under which a lowball offer is just never going to work. Think about some of the hottest markets in the country: When a buyer is willing to pay seven figures for a teardown property in San Francisco just to have a lot to build on, then your lower-than-asking-price offer is definitely not going to work.
Pay close attention to the real estate market in the area where you want to make an offer. If you see that the average days on market is getting longer and longer, that's a sign that the market is shifting to more of a buyer's market, which can work to your advantage. Shopping for a home in the fall and winter can also be advantageous; buyers are most active in the spring and summer, when there's also a lot more inventory to choose from; sellers in the "off" months might be feeling a little desperate to get an offer, any offer, so they can move on with their lives.
Be respectful
Some sellers are going to be more receptive to an under-listing-price offer than others, but no seller wants to feel disrespected during the process. Talk to your agent about whether your offer is truly a fair one given the current market and the condition of the home, and ask for their advice in writing an offer or counter-offer that articulates your points without disrespecting the seller.
Don'ts
Submit an offer without doing your homework
You might think there's no harm in just throwing an offer at the wall to see if it sticks, but a seller will definitely know if you're simply ballparking a number instead of doing research to determine what you want to pay. Plus, it makes you look a bit clueless and detached from reality, which aren't qualities that most sellers appreciate in a buyer. Make sure you have thoughtful, well-researched reasons behind your offer price so that you can back it up with facts, and don't succumb to the temptation to "just try it and see what happens."
Tell the seller "but this is the most I can afford."
It might be absolutely true that the seller's asking price is above the amount that you're pre-approved to buy from your mortgage loan company, but here's a hard truth: Sellers really don't care whether you, personally, can afford to buy their listed home. They might be dealing with their own financial difficulties, and there may be a certain amount of money that they must recoup to be made whole themselves.
Think that paying cash entitles you to go too low
There are advantages to a cash offer that a mortgage loan offer isn't able to accommodate, including eliminating steps in the closing process, saving everyone time. But apart from that, what's the advantage of a cash offer to a seller, who's going to be getting a big, fat check at closing either way?
Some sellers might be willing to shave a little bit off their asking price for the cash convenience, but an equal number won't care that you're offering cash if you're also expecting to pay significantly less for the convenience. If timing or the home's condition is a big factor for the seller, then you might be able to offer considerably lower than asking if you can pay cash, but if their reason for selling is primarily financial, then most sellers are going to tell you to take your cash offer somewhere else.
Walk away if the seller counters your offer with a higher one
If the seller doesn't immediately accept your offer and instead counters with a higher one, don't take that as a sign that it wasn't meant to be. This is just another step in the dance, and an invitation for you to sweeten the deal. If that's not something you can do, then by all means, take your ball ... er, offer ... to a different playing field. But if you have some wiggle room, take the counter-offer at face value and either accept it, or counter it with something that you think is fair to everybody.
Ignore your agent's advice
Real estate agents have seen it all, including unreasonable behavior from both buyers and sellers. And they are experts at negotiation; it's part of their livelihood, after all! So if your agent tells you, "This offer is really far too low and is most likely going to upset the seller," don't assume that they're just trying to protect a higher commission. Getting you into a home you love is their top priority, and if what you're planning to offer will sabotage that, it's their responsibility to let you know. Don't ignore them when they try to warn you that you're about to burn a bridge with a seller.
Neglect to research how attached the seller is to the house
A seller who's offloading a second home that was a vacation rental for years is going to have fewer problems with a lower-than-asking-price offer than a seller who's been living in the house for decades. Find out how long the seller has occupied the home, whether they raised kids there, and other factors that will influence how attached they are to the house. If you communicate to the seller that you plan to raise kids in the house too, that might be incentive for them to consider your offer, even if it's not at full asking price.
Any home sale is a negotiation, and price is only one of many factors open for discussion. If you really don't want to pay full price for a home, there are definitely ways around it, but make sure you follow the rules of the game so that your offer has the best possible chance of being considered, even if it's not immediately accepted. You never know - time might be on your side!
